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Older Adults

(Gill et al, 1995; n = 563; mean age = 79.1(4.7); community dwelling adults > 70 years old)

• 360 Degree Turn Test (seconds) ¡°threshold phenomenon¡± with > 3.8 seconds a critical point after which rate of dependence increased significantly

Older Adults

(Gill et al, 1995)

Descriptive data; Sample divided into 4 quartiles & ¡°unable¡± group based on time to complete 360 Degree Turn (seconds)

Inter-quartile Ranges for 360 Degree Turn Test (seconds): Range (seconds) and number of subjects

(Dai et al, 2012; Non-fall group: n = 372; mean age = 71(9.3); Fall group: n = 139; mean age = 75(11); recruited from senior center)

Descriptive data on 360 Degree Turn Test (seconds)

• Non-fall group: Mean = 2.2(0.9) seconds
• Fall group: Mean = 2.7(1.5) seconds

Older Adults:

Test-retest reliability (Tager et al, 1998; n = 199; 42% aged 55-69, 60% aged >70; ambulatory community dwellers)

• 360 degree Turn Test (steps)
  • Excellent (by ICC = 0.92)
  • Acceptable (by Pearson Correlation Coefficient = 0.83)

Significant improvements (practice effects) found on 360 degree turn test (# of steps); measured 48 hours apart

Older Adults

(Berg, 1989 n = 38 participants who had a fall in the last 2 months; mean age = 73; a variety of diagnostic categories (none excluded))

Inter-rater Reliability of 360 Degree Turn Test (seconds) (within the Berg Balance Test)

• ICC for all individual items on BERG (360 degree turn (seconds) included given as a range: ICC = 0.71 - 0.99 across items

Intra-rater reliability (for 360 degree turn item)

• For time 1: Excellent (ICC = 0.89)
• For time 2: Excellent (ICC = 0.94)

Older Adults

(Schubert et al, 2006 n = 195 community dwelling older adults; mean age = 80.9(5.9))

Convergent validity of the 360 degree turn test (seconds) with:

• Tandem stance test: Adequate (r = 0.46)
• Walking Speed: Excellent (r = 0.70)
• Timed Chair Rise(s): Poor (r = 0.26)

Patients who score < 3.8 seconds on the 360 degree Turn Test were more likely to perform well on tasks of walking speed (Odds Ratio = 20.7) and Timed Chair Rise(s) (Odds Ratio = 8.5) compared to those who performed well on the Tandem Stance Test

(Dite et al, 2002) Convergent validity of the 360 Degree Turn Test (seconds) with

• 180 Degree Turn Test (seconds): Excellent (r = 0.67)
• 180 degree Turn Test (steps): Excellent (r = 0.76)

(Lipsitz et al, 1991; Fallers (2+ falls in past 6 months); n = 70; mean age = 87(6); Non-fallers: no falls past 6 months and no more that 1 fall in 2 years prior;n = 56; mean age = 87 (5); Independent and partially dependent ambulatory nursing home residents)

• Slower time (> 9.1 seconds) to turn a full circle (360 degree turn test) more common among fallers
  • Unadjusted odds ratio = 2.94 (1.38 - 6.25)
• More steps (> 12 steps) to turn a full circle more common among fallers
  • Unadjusted odds ratio = 6.52 (2.86 - 14.88)

Older Adults

(Gill et al, 1997; Primary study group: n = 586, mean age = 78.9 (4.8); ADL Independent at baseline & 1 year, alive for 3 year follow up; Secondary group: n= 775; mean age = 79.3(5.1); ADL Independent at baseline & alive at 1 year follow up; data set included people with chronic diseases including Parkinson¡¯s)

• Those subjects dependent at 1-year follow-up took longer (seconds) to complete the 360 Degree Turn Test compared to those who remained independent at 1 year [2.31(8.80) verses 0.37(3.57)] seconds.

Parkinson¡¯s Disease

Descriptive data

(Schenkman et al, 1997; n = 15 total, mean age 74.5; H&Y Stage 2: n = 8 and H&Y Stage 3: n = 7)

n = 14 subjects tested

• 360 Degree Turn (seconds): Mean = 6.0(2.5)seconds; Range = 3.8-15.9
• 360 Degree Turn (steps): Mean = 9.5(2.9) steps; Range = 5.5-18.5

Descriptive data;

(Schenkman et al, 2011: n = 150 participants (derived from multiple studies); mean age unknown; H&Y Range = 1-3)

(Franzen et al, 2009; n = 15 male subjects with dx PD H&Y stages 2-3; mean age = 64(9); n = 15 healthy, age& sex matched controls; Allowed subjects to initiate 360 Degree Turn)

Descriptive data mean scores on 360 Degree Turn Test (seconds)

• Control group = 3.8 (0.7) seconds
• PD group ¡°OFF¡± State = 5.3 (1.6) seconds
• PD group ¡°ON¡± State = 5.1 (1.9) seconds

Parkinson¡¯s Disease

Test-retest reliability (Schenkman et al, 1997)

• 360 Degree Turn (seconds): Acceptable test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.77)
• 360 Degree Turn (steps): Acceptable test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.80)

Parkinson¡¯s Disease

(Schenkman et al, 2002; n = 34; subset of Total Sample: n = 42 independent community dwelling adults with PD; mean age = 63.7(11.5); H&Y Stage mean = 2.07(0.79))

Convergent Validity of 360 Degree Turn Test (seconds) with:

• CS-PFP: Adequate Convergent Validity (r = -0.53)

Convergent Validity of 360 Degree Turn Test (steps) with:

• CS-PFP: Adequate Convergent Validity (r = -0.54)