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RehabilitationMeasures

Constant-Murley Score

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Purpose

The CMS measures overall function using subjective and objective measurements of the patient’s shoulder based on their pain, ROM, strength, ability to perform ADLs, and upper extremity function.

Link to Instrument

Acronym CMS

Area of Assessment

Activities of Daily Living
Pain
Range of Motion
Strength
Upper Extremity Function

Assessment Type

Performance Measure

Cost

Not Free

Actual Cost

$0.00

Cost Description

Cost of equipment

Key Descriptions

  • The test is divided into 4 subscales for a total of 100 points
    ○ Pain = 15 points
    ○ ADLs= 20 points
    ○ ROM (shoulder flexion, internal rotation, external rotation, and abduction) = 40 points
    ○ Strength = 25 points
  • Subjective findings account for 35 points and objective findings account for 65 points

Number of Items

10

Equipment Required

  • Goniometer
  • Spring Balance Test (If available, or weights)

Time to Administer

5-7 minutes

Required Training

No Training

Age Ranges

Adult

18 - 64

years

Elderly Adult

+

years

Instrument Reviewers

Initially reviewed in 2019 by

  • Tatiana Paz, Duke University, SPT
  • Madison Massey, Duke University, SPT
  • Amanda Braaten, Duke University, SPT
  • Meredith Stephenson, Duke University, SPT
  • Nicholas Hadgis, Duke University, SPT
  • David Bellon, Duke University, SPT
  • Dr. Derek Clewley, Duke University, PT, PhD, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT

Updated by Younus Baig, Midwestern University in 2020

Body Part

Upper Extremity

ICF Domain

Activity
Body Function

Measurement Domain

Activities of Daily Living
Motor

Professional Association Recommendation

The European Society for Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (Vrotsou, et al., 2018)

Considerations

  • Not appropriate for patients with shoulder instability
  • A single pain scale is difficult to capture a patient’s actual pain
  • The function report is not specific to any activity
  • There is no standardized strength measurement method

Osteoarthritis

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Normative Data

Shoulder osteoarthritis: (Krukenberg et al., 2018; n = 105; Mean Age = 64 (range 40-79); 2 year followup; scores after implantation of stemless glenohumeral prosthesis and followed by physiotherapy)

  • Mean (SD) CM score: 70 (18.9)

Arthritis

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Interrater/Intrarater Reliability

Shoulder rheumatoid arthritis: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010)

  • Excellent total score Intertester ICC: 0.84 and 0.87
  • Excellent total score Intratester ICC: 0.95 and 0.96

Construct Validity

Arthritis: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010)

  • Excellent correlation with Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC), Penn Shoulder Score, Simple Shoulder Test, Oxford Shoulder Questionnaire, Oxford Shoulder Instability Questionnaire (OSIQ), Subjective Shoulder Rating System, Bostrom Shoulder Movement Impairment Scale, and Shoulder Function Assessment Scale (r ≥ 0.70 for all)
  • Adequate correlation with Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (r = 0.46, 0.53, 0.57, 0.39 respectively)

Floor/Ceiling Effects

Arthritis: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010)

  • Poor floor effect of 52%, specifically for the strength subscale

Responsiveness

Arthritis: (Vrotsou et al, 2018)

  • Recommended; Responsiveness to Change: EMPRO score of 55.6 points

Joint Pain and Fractures

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Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Shoulder Impingement (Moeller et al., 2014; n = 45; Mean Age =48.1 (15.0); all participants had shoulder impingement syndrome)

  • SEM: 4.2

 

Shoulder Impingement (Henseler, et al., 2015; n = 180; mean age = 58 (8.8) years; impingement n = 34, supraspinatus tears n = 105, massive RC tears n = 41)

  • SEM: 6

 

Supraspinatus tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • SEM: 6

 

Rotator cuff tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • SEM: 9

Humeral Shaft Fracture (Mahabier et al., 2017; n=114, Median Age=58 (25-75th percentile=41-68); CMS was completed 5 times until one year post-fracture)

  • SEM for the entire group: 6.4

 

Clavicle Fracture (Ban, et al., 2016; n = 36; Mean Age = 41.3; Mean Time Post Injury = 6.8 (1.0) weeks)

  • SEM at group level: 4.9

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)

Shoulder Impingement (Moeller et al., 2014)

  • MDC: 11.6

Shoulder Impingement (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • MDC: 17

Supraspinatus Tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • MDC: 18

Massive Rotator Cuff Tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • MDC: 23

Humeral Shaft Fracture (Mahabier et al., 2017)

  • SDC: 17.7

Clavicle Fracture (Ban, et al., 2016)

  • MDC: 13.4

Minimally Clinically Important Difference (MCID)

Humeral Shaft Fracture (Mahabier et al., 2017)

  • MCID for the entire group - 6.1 (95% CI= -6.8 - 17.4)

Normative Data

Shoulder Impingement (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • mean score: 72 (SD: 11.2)

Supraspinatus Tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • mean score: 44 (SD: 14.7)

Massive Rotator Cuff Tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • mean score: 46 (SD: 18.9)

Proximal Humeral Shaft Fracture (Dietrich et al., 2014; n = 72;

Mean Age = 52; 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively or until return to work)

 

1.5 month

3 month

6 month

12 month

Mean

51

69.5

82

86.5

Interrater/Intrarater Reliability

Shoulder dysfunction: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010, n=63)

  • Excellent total score Intertester ICC: 0.90
  • Excellent total score Intratester ICC: 0.94 and 0.96

Rotator Cuff Repair: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010, n=63)

  • Excellent total score Intertester ICC: 0.91 and 0.89
  • Excellent total score Intratester ICC: 0.96

Shoulder Impingement (Moeller et al., 2014)

  • Excellent ICC: 0.94

Clavicle Fracture: (Ban, et al., 2016)

  • Excellent ICC: 0.94

Internal Consistency

Shoulder Impingement (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • Adequate Cronbach’s ɑ: 0.7

Supraspinatus Tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • Excellent Cronbach’s ɑ: 0.8

Massive Rotator Cuff Tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • Excellent Cronbach’s ɑ: 0.8

Subacromial Pathology: (Vrotsou et al, 2018)

  • Not Recommended: EMPRO Score of 25

Rotator Cuff Arthropathy: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010)

  • Poor to adequate: Cronbach’s alpha range from 0.60 to 0.75

Humeral Shaft Fracture: (Mahabier et al., 2017)

  • Poor Cronbach’s ɑ: 0.61

Clavicle Fracture: (Ban, et al., 2016)

  • Excellent Cronbach’s ɑ: 0.85

Floor/Ceiling Effects

Shoulder Impingement (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • Excellent; No floor or ceiling effects for the absolute Constant score

 

Supraspinatus Tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • Excellent; No floor or ceiling effects for the absolute Constant score

 

Massive Rotator Cuff Tear (Henseler, et al., 2015)

  • Excellent; No floor or ceiling effects for the absolute Constant score

 

Rotator cuff arthropathy: (Slobogean et al., 2011)

  • Poor <52% floor effect for strength subscale

Responsiveness

Shoulder arthroplasty: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010, n=153)

  • Excellent Effect size: 2.23
  • Standardized Response mean: 1.99

Shoulder arthroplasty: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010, n=42)

  • Excellent Effect size: 3.02

Rotator cuff repair: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010, n=28, 6 months post repair)

  • Excellent Effect size: 1.92
  • Standardized Response mean: 2.09

Shoulder instability: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010, n=92)

  • Poor Effect size: .20

Subacromial Pathology: (Vrotsou et al, 2018)

  • Recommended; Responsiveness to Change: EMPRO score of 83.3 points

Humeral Shaft Fracture: (Mahabier et al., 2017)

  • Sufficient longitudinal validity, Small Change (ES = 1.71

Non-Specific Patient Population

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Interrater/Intrarater Reliability

Healthy Subjects: (Roy, MacDermid, & Woodhouse, 2010, n=63)

  • Excellent total score Intertester ICC: 0.89 and 0.97
  • Excellent total score Intratester ICC: 0.90 and 0.96

Orthopedic Surgery

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Minimally Clinically Important Difference (MCID)

Rotator Cuff Repair: (Cvetanovich et al., 2019; n = 288; Mean age = 56.2 (10.1); 1year follow-up)

  • MCID (anchor) = 5.5 score points
  • MCID (distribution) = 4.6 score points

Normative Data

Arthroscopic surgery/rotator cuff repair:

(Levy et al., 2014; n = 58 preoperatively, n = 50 postoperatively; mean age = 54 (13.5); 3 month postoperative followup)

 

Method of Assessment

Number of patients

Mean

SD

Range

Full Constant-Murley Score (0-100 points)

Clinician-based

108

48

20

4-90

Patient-based

108

47

19.5

4-90

Floor/Ceiling Effects

Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: (Sciascia et al., 2017; n = 234;

Mean Age = 67(10); Mean Follow-up Time: 3 +/- 1 year)

    • Adequate Floor Effect: 1%
    • Adequate Ceiling Effect: 3%

Bibliography

Ban I, Troelsen A, Kristensen MT. “High inter-rater reliability, agreement, and convergent validity of Constant score in patients with clavicle fractures.” J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 Oct;25(10):1577-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.02.022. Epub 2016 Apr PubMed PMID: 27106115.

 

Cvetanovich GL, Gowd AK, Liu JN, Nwachukwu BU, Cabarcas BC, Cole BJ, Forsythe B, Romeo AA, Verma NN. “Establishing clinically significant outcome after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.” J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019 May;28(5):939-948. doi:  10.1016/j.jse.2018.10.013. Epub 2019 Jan 24. PubMed PMID: 30685283.

 

Dietrich M, Wasmer M, Platz A, Spross C. “Return-to-Work Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures.” Open Orthop J. 2014;8:281-7. doi:  10.2174/1874325001408010281. eCollection 2014. PubMed PMID: 25246994; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4168652.

 

Henseler JF, Kolk A, van der Zwaal P, Nagels J, Vliet Vlieland TP, Nelissen RG. “The minimal detectable change of the Constant score in impingement, full-thickness tears, and massive rotator cuff tears.” J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015 Mar;24(3):376-81. doi:  10.1016/j.jse.2014.07.003. Epub 2014 Sep 17. PubMed PMID: 25240810.

 

Krukenberg A, McBirnie J, Bartsch S, B?hler N, Wiedemann E, Jost B, Mansat P, Bellon-Champel P, Angeloni R, Scheibel M. “Sidus Stem-Free Shoulder System for primary osteoarthritis: short-term results of a multicenter study.” J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Aug;27(8):1483-1490. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.02.057. Epub 2018 Apr 3. PubMed PMID: 29625813.

Levy, O., Haddo, O., Massoud, S., Mullett, H., & Atoun, E. (2014). A patient-derived Constant-Murley score is comparable to a clinician-derived score. Clinical orthopaedics and related research472(1), 294–303.

Mahabier KC, Den Hartog D, Theyskens N, Verhofstad MHJ, Van Lieshout EMM.”Reliability, validity, responsiveness, and minimal important change of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand and Constant-Murley scores in patients with a humeral shaft fracture.” J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017 Jan;26(1):e1-e12. doi:  10.1016/j.jse.2016.07.072. Epub 2016 Oct 10. PubMed PMID: 27745806.

 

Moeller AD, Thorsen RR, Torabi TP, Bjoerkman AS, Christensen EH, Maribo T, Christiansen DH. “The Danish version of the modified

Constant-Murley shoulder score: reliability, agreement, and construct validity.” J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 May;44(5):336-40. doi:  10.2519/jospt.2014.5008. Epub 2014 Mar 27. PubMed PMID: 24673447

 

Roy JS, MacDermid JC, Woodhouse LJ. “A systematic review of the psychometric properties of the Constant-Murley score.” J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010a Jan;19(1):157-64. doi:  10.1016/j.jse.2009.04.008. Review. PubMed PMID: 19559630.

 

Roy JS, Macdermid JC, Goel D, Faber KJ, Athwal GS, Drosdowech DS. “What is a Successful Outcome Following Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty?.” Open Orthop J.2010b Apr 23;4:157-63. doi:  10.2174/1874325001004010157. PubMed PMID: 20582242; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2892087.

 

Sciascia AD, Morris BJ, Jacobs CA, Edwards TB. “Responsiveness and Internal Validity of Common Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.” Orthopedics. 2017 May 1;40(3):e513-e519. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20170327-02. Epub 2017 Mar 31. PubMed PMID: 28358978.

 

Slobogean GP, Slobogean BL. “Measuring shoulder injury function: common scales and checklists.” Injury. 2011 Mar;42(3):248-52. doi:  10.1016/j.injury.2010.11.046. Epub 2010 Dec 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 21146167.

 

Vrotsou K, ?vila M, Machón M, Mateo-Abad M, Pardo Y, Garin O, Zaror C, González N, Escobar A, Cuéllar R. “Constant-Murley Score: systematic review and standardized evaluation in different shoulder pathologies.” Qual Life Res. 2018 Sep;27(9):2217-2226. doi:  10.1007/s11136-018-1875-7. Epub 2018 May 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 29748823; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6132990.