Primary Image

Generic Background Image

Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Third Edition

Last Updated

Purpose

The DTVP-3 identifies visual-perceptual deficits in children and yields scores for both visual perception (no motor response) and visual-motor integration ability.

Link to Instrument

Acronym DTVP-3

Area of Assessment

Vision & Perception

Assessment Type

Performance Measure

Administration Mode

Paper & Pencil

Cost

Not Free

Actual Cost

$257.00

Diagnosis/Conditions

  • Pediatric + Adolescent Rehabilitation

Key Descriptions

  • Composed of 5 subtests administered in the following order:
    1) Eye-hand coordination
    2) Copying
    3) Figure-ground
    4) Visual closure
    5) Form constancy
  • Subtests 1 and 2 are administered in the response booklet and require the client to draw a straight line and copy a shape.
  • Subtests 1 and 2 scores are based on accuracy and are scored on a scale of 1-20.
  • Subtests 3, 4, and 5 are administered using a picture book and the examiner's record booklet and require the client to match different combination of shapes with the correct shapes at the bottom of the page.
  • Subtests 3, 4, and 5 are scored based on questions answered correctly.
  • Administration instructions can be found in the manual.

Number of Items

5

Equipment Required

  • Testing Kit
  • Examiner's manual
  • Picture book
  • Response booklet
  • Examiner record booklet
  • Copying subtest scoring template

Time to Administer

20-40 minutes

Required Training

No Training

Age Ranges

Child

4 - 12

years

Instrument Reviewers

Initial review completed by University of Illinois at Chicago Occupational Therapy Doctorate student Bridget Hahn, OTR/L and Master of Science in Occupational Therapy students Anna Galloway, David Giraldo, & James Ma

Body Part

Upper Extremity

ICF Domain

Body Function

Measurement Domain

Sensory

Considerations

Three versions of this assessment have been developed.

1) DTVP (standardized in 1963)

  • Age range 3-9 years old

  • Administered in 30-45 minutes

  • 5 subtests

2) DTVP-2 (released 1993)

  • Age range 4-10 years old

  • Administered in 30-60 minutes

  • Provides composite scores

  • 8 subtests

  • Requires a stopwatch

3) DTVP-3 (released 2014):

  • Age range expanded to 4-12 years old

  • Administered in 20-40 minutes

  • 5 subtests

  • Removal of 3 subtests: Position in Space, Spatial Relations, and Visual-Motor Speed

  • No longer need stopwatch to administer

  • Shorter administration time

  • Chang in order of how to administer the test

  • Examiner record forms have standard wording for explaining tasks

Note: Many atypical conditions do not have established norms.

Non-Specific Patient Population

back to Populations

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014; n = 1,035; age = [4, 12])

Subtests:

  • Eye-Hand Coordination: 1

  • Copying: 1

  • Figure-Ground: 1

  • Visual Closure: 1

  • Form Constancy: 1

Composites:

  • Visual-Motor Integration Index: 4

  • Motor-Reduced Visual Perception Index: 4

  • General Visual Perception Index: 3

Note: SEMs listed are applicable at all age intervals.

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

Subtests:

  • Eye-Hand Coordination: 2.77

  • Copying: 2.77

  • Figure-Ground: 2.77

  • Visual Closure: 2.77

  • Form Constancy: 2.77

Composites:

  • Visual-Motor Integration Index: 11.09

  • Motor-Reduced Visual Perception Index: 11.09

  • General Visual Perception Index: 11.09

Cut-Off Scores

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

  • > 90 indicates visual perceptual competence and demonstrates an understanding of physical properties of figures and objects, discrimination abilities, recognition skills, and accurate hand movements.

  • < 90 indicates visual perception problems, fine-motor impairment, or eye-hand coordination difficulties.

  • < 70 indicates serious problems in addition to those problems affecting visual perception (typically one or more handicapping conditions, such as language delay, learning disabilities, developmental delay, autism, and physical disabilities)

  • To predict visual perception impairment with cutoff score of 92:

    • Sensitivity = 0.70

    • Specificity = 0.94

Normative Data

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

Raw Score Means and Standard Deviations

 

E-HC

C

F-G

VC

FC

Age

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

4

109 (30)

10 (5)

29 (11)

7 (3)

24 (6)

5

144 (28)

16 (5)

39 (11)

9 (3)

30 (6)

6

160 (20)

22 (5)

43 (11)

11(4)

31 (7)

7

166 (19)

24 (6)

45 (10)

12 (4)

32 (7)

8

174 (17)

26 (6)

47 (10)

14 (4)

33 (8)

9

177 (14)

29 (6)

50 (9)

15 (4)

36 (8)

10

179 (14)

30 (6)

51 (10)

16 (4)

38 (8)

11

183 (10)

32 (5)

52 (8)

17 (3)

39 (7)

12

184 (9)

33 (6)

53 (8)

18 (3)

40 (7)

Notes: E-HC = Eye-Hand Coordination; C = Copying; F-G = Figure Ground; VC = Visual Closure; FC = Form Constancy

Standard Score Means for Atypical Subgroups

DTVP-3 Subtest

G

n = 45

HOH

n = 12

SA

n = 15

ADH

n = 19

AD

n = 11

LRD

n = 34

PI

n = 19

A

n = 15

LAD

n = 23

E-HC

12

10

10

8

8

9

7

8

8

C

12

10

9

9

9

8

8

8

8

F-G

13

9

8

10

10

9

8

8

7

VC

13

10

10

10

9

8

9

8

9

FC

13

10

9

10

10

9

9

8

9

VMI

112

101

96

90

88

88

85

90

89

MRVP

117

100

94

100

97

92

93

89

90

GVPI

115

100

95

95

91

89

88

88

87

Notes: E-HC = Eye-Hand Coordination; C = Copying; F-G = Figure Ground; VC = Visual Closure; FC = Form Constancy; VMI =  Visual-Motor Integration Index; MRVP = Motor-Reduced Visual Perception; GVPI = General Visual Perception Index; G = Gifted; HOH = Hard of Hearing; SA = Speech Articulation; ADH = ADHD; AD = Asperger’s Disorder; LRD = Learning Disability; PI = Physical Impairment; A = Autism; LAD = Language Delay.

No significant differences were found when comparing:

  • Male vs. Female

  • African American vs. Non-African American

  • Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic

  • Right- vs. Left-handedness

Atypical subgroups tested include:

  • Gifted

  • Deaf/Hard of hearing

  • Speech articulation

  • ADHD

  • Asperger’s Syndrome

  • Learning disability

  • Physical impairment

  • Autism

  • Language delay

Results for atypical subgroups were consistent with findings from similar assessments.

Test/Retest Reliability

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014; n = 63; age = [4, 12]; described as having a “wide range of ability;” all resided in Austin, TX)

Test-Retest Reliability Coefficients for the DTVP-3 (Rounded Values)

DTVP-3 Subtest

Correlation Coefficient, r

Strength

E-HC

0.85

Excellent

C

0.77

Excellent

F-G

0.71

Adequate

VC

0.81

Excellent

FC

0.70

Adequate

VMI

0.88

Excellent

MRVP

0.87

Excellent

GVPI

0.90

Excellent

Notes: E-HC = Eye-Hand Coordination; C = Copying; F-G = Figure Ground; VC = Visual Closure; FC = Form Constancy; VMI =  Visual-Motor Integration Index; MRVP = Motor-Reduced Visual Perception; GVPI = General Visual Perception Index.

Interrater/Intrarater Reliability

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014; n = 30; age [4, 12]; sample from the normative population)

  • Excellent Interrater Reliability all coefficients > 0.90

Internal Consistency

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

DTVP-3 Subtests

  • Excellent Eye Hand Coordination (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.90)

  • Excellent Copying (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.85)

  • Excellent Figure Ground (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.90)

  • Excellent Visual Closure (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.80)

  • Excellent Form Constancy (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.86)

  • Excellent Visual Motor Integration Index (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.92)

  • Excellent Motor Reduced Visual Perception Index (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.92)

  • Excellent General Visual Perception Index (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.95)

Typically Developing Children: (Brown, 2016; n =n39; age = [6, 8]; Australian children)

DTVP-3 Subtests

  • Excellent Eye Hand Coordination: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.80)

  • Adequate Copying: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.70)

  • Poor Figure Ground: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.60)

  • Poor Visual Closure: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.65)

  • Adequate Form Constancy: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.76)

  • Excellent Visual Motor Integration Index: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.81)

  • Excellent Motor Reduced Visual Perception Index: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.80)

  • Excellent General Visual Perception Index: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.80)

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Criterion-Predictive Validity

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014; n = 123; age = [4, 12]; children from Austin, TX)

Coefficients Between DTVP-3 and Criterion Test Scores

DTVP-3 Subtest

VMI – 5 Correlation

Strength of Corrected Correlation

TVPS-3

Strength of Corrected Correlation

E-HC

0.73 (0.43)

Excellent

0.33 (0.20)

Adequate

C

0.72 (0.59)

Excellent

0.67 (0.62)

Excellent

F-G

0.45 (0.56)

Adequate

0.65 (0.60)

Excellent

VC

0.48 (0.54)

Adequate

0.76 (0.70)

Excellent

FC

0.31 (0.37)

Adequate

0.76 (0.70)

Excellent

VMI

0.81 (0.61)

Excellent

0.64 (0.55)

Excellent

MRVP

0.52 (0.61)

Adequate

0.81 (0.80)

Excellent

GVPI

0.74 (0.62)

Excellent

0.78 (0.76)

Excellent

Notes: E-HC = Eye-Hand Coordination; C = Copying; F-G = Figure Ground; VC = Visual Closure; FC = Form Constancy; VMI =  Visual-Motor Integration Index; MRVP = Motor-Reduced Visual Perception; GVPI = General Visual Perception Index; VMI-5 = Beery-Bukenica Development Test of Visual-Motor Integration – 5th Edition; TVPS-3 = Test of Visual Perceptual Skills – 3rd Edition.

Values in parentheses are observed correlation coefficients; all others are corrected for attenuation due to range restriction and reliability of the criterion measure only.

Construct Validity

Typically Developing Children: (Brown, 2016)

Spearman’s Rho Correlations between the VMI-6 and DTVP-3 (n = 39)

 

VMI – 6 Total Scale

VMI-6 Visual Perception Supplementary Test

VMI-6 Motor Coordination Supplementary Test

DTVP-3 Eye-Hand Coordination

0.12

0.06

0.16

DTVP-3 Copying

0.30

0.20

0.44**

DTVP-3 Figure-Ground

0.46**

0.41*

0.17

DTVP-3 Visual Closure

0.33*

0.37*

0.15

DTVP-3 Form Constancy

0.10

0.46**

0.19

DTVP-3 Motor-Reduced VP Index

0.43**

0.55**

0.16

DTVP-3 VMI Index

0.16

0.08

0.25

DTVP-3 General VP Index

0.32

0.32*

0.30

Notes: *p < .05; **p < .01; VMI-6 = Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration – 6th edition; DTVP-3 = Developmental Test of Visual Perception – Third Edition; VMI = visual-motor integration; VP = visual perception.

Floor/Ceiling Effects

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

  • Visual-Motor Integration Index, Motor-Reduced Visual Perception Index, and General Visual Perception Index have no floor or ceiling effects (adequate).

  • Subtest 1 (Eye-hand Coordination) does not have a ceiling.

  • Subtests 2-5 (Copying, Figure-Ground, Visual Closure, and Form Constancy) establish ceiling when the child scores a 0 on three consecutive items.

  • Some subtests that previously existed on the DTVP-2 that had ceiling effects were removed from DTVP-3.

Bibliography

Brown, T. (2016). Validity and reliability of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception -  Third Edition (DTVP-3). Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 30(3), 272-287. 

Brown, T., & Murdolo, Y. (2015). The Developmental Test of Visual Perception—Third Edition (DTVP-3): A review, critique, and practice implications. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 8(4), 336-354. 

Hammill, D. D., Pearson, N. A., & Voress, J. K. (2014). Developmental Test of Visual Perception (3rd ed.). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.

Ryan, L. (2014). Review of the Developmental Test of Visual Perceptual Skills - Third Edition (DTVP-3). In J. F. Carlson, K. F. Geisinger, & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), The Nineteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurement, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.